Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) has become one of the most common hormonal disorders affecting women of reproductive age worldwide. It is not just about irregular periods or ovarian cysts; it is a complex condition that influences metabolism, fertility, and long-term health. Many women first notice it when they struggle with weight fluctuations, persistent acne, or difficulty conceiving. However, PCOS extends far beyond reproductive health, with potential implications for cardiovascular and metabolic wellbeing.
In this blog, we will explore what PCOS is, its common causes, how it is diagnosed, and the treatment options available. We will also clarify its often-confused relationship with PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease), so you can better understand the multisystem nature of this condition.
A] What is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal and metabolic disorder characterised by the presence of multiple immature follicles in the ovaries, irregular ovulation, and increased levels of male-type hormones called androgens. Unlike conditions limited to the ovaries, PCOS is classified as a syndrome because it involves multiple body systems.
Women with PCOS often experience irregular or absent menstrual cycles, excessive hair growth (hirsutism), acne, weight gain, and, in some cases, infertility. These symptoms result from disrupted hormonal balance, where excess androgens interfere with the normal menstrual cycle and ovulation.
Importantly, PCOS is also linked with metabolic health issues such as insulin resistance, obesity, and a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Over the long term, unmanaged PCOS can increase the risk of endometrial cancer and cardiovascular complications.
The impact of PCOS goes beyond physical health; it can also affect emotional wellbeing, leading to stress, anxiety, and body image concerns. Recognising PCOS as a multisystem condition is the first step toward effective management and timely medical intervention.
B] What are the Causes of PCOS?
While the exact causes of PCOS remain under research, most experts agree that it arises from a combination of genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle-related factors.
1. Genetic Predisposition
Family history plays a significant role. If your mother or sister has PCOS or type 2 diabetes, your risk of developing PCOS is higher.
2. Hormonal Imbalances
The hallmark of PCOS is an excess of androgens, which disrupt ovulation and lead to symptoms such as acne and hirsutism. Many women also show an altered ratio of luteinising hormone (LH) to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which interferes with egg maturation.
3. Insulin Resistance
One of the most widely recognised contributors to PCOS is insulin resistance. When the body doesn’t use insulin effectively, glucose levels rise, prompting the ovaries to produce more androgens. This creates a cycle of weight gain, irregular ovulation, and worsening hormonal imbalance.
4. Lifestyle and Environment
A sedentary lifestyle, poor dietary habits, and stress are known to exacerbate symptoms. Environmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may also play a role in hormone disturbances.
5. Inflammation
Low-grade inflammation has been observed in women with PCOS, potentially contributing to insulin resistance and higher androgen levels.
Understanding these causes not only helps in early recognition but also in tailoring treatment strategies, especially those involving lifestyle changes and medical therapy.
Consult expert gynecologists today for personalized PCOS care.
C] PCOD vs PCOS: Are They The Same?
While PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) was once a common term, the medical community now prefers to use PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) as the all-encompassing term that includes conditions previously categorised under PCOD. Recognising this helps in planning effective treatment strategies and understanding long-term health implications.
D] Tests & Diagnosis of PCOS
Diagnosing PCOS requires a comprehensive approach since symptoms can overlap with other conditions. Doctors typically rely on the Rotterdam criteria, which state that PCOS can be diagnosed if two out of the following three are present:
- Irregular or absent ovulation
- Signs of androgen excess (acne, hirsutism, or lab-confirmed high androgen levels)
- Polycystic ovaries visible on ultrasound
Key diagnostic steps include:
- Medical history: Menstrual patterns, weight changes, and family history of diabetes or hormonal disorders.
- Physical exam: Checking for acne, excess hair growth, BMI, and blood pressure.
- Blood tests: Hormone levels (LH, FSH, testosterone, prolactin, and thyroid hormones), fasting insulin, and glucose.
- Pelvic ultrasound: To visualise ovarian morphology and detect multiple small follicles.
Since PCOS affects more than just reproductive health, additional screenings for cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose tolerance are often recommended. These help assess long-term risks and guide treatment choices. Consulting a gynaecologist in Andheri can help ensure you receive a proper diagnosis and a personalised care plan.
E] Treatment & Lifestyle Management for PCOS
PCOS treatment is tailored to symptoms, reproductive goals, and overall metabolic health. Below are some of the commonly recommended treatment approaches and lifestyle solutions for managing PCOS effectively.
1. Lifestyle changes:
- Balanced diet (low-GI foods, high fibre, reduced processed sugars)
- Regular exercise (a mix of cardio and strength training)
- Stress management (yoga, mindfulness, therapy)
Even a 5–10% weight reduction can restore ovulation and reduce symptoms.
A healthy menstrual diet also plays a role in balancing hormones. You can learn more about what to eat and what to avoid during your periods to support overall reproductive health.
2. Medications:
- Oral contraceptives regulate periods and reduce androgen-related symptoms.
- Metformin improves insulin sensitivity.
- Anti-androgens help manage acne and excess hair growth.
- Fertility drugs (e.g., clomiphene) assist women trying to conceive.
3. Advanced options:
In rare cases, laparoscopic ovarian drilling may be considered when medications fail.
Conclusion
PCOS is not simply an ovarian issue; it is a complex hormonal and metabolic condition that impacts multiple systems. Early recognition, timely diagnosis, and a proactive management plan can make a significant difference in both short-term quality of life and long-term health outcomes. By focusing on lifestyle and medical guidance, women can better navigate this condition and take steps toward restoring balance and wellbeing.
If you are experiencing symptoms of PCOS, don’t delay seeking help.
Get advice from gynaecologist Dr. Shreya Prabhoo, a trusted gynaecologist in Andheri, who can guide you with the right diagnosis and treatment plan tailored to your needs.
Dr. Shreya Prabhoo (MBBS, DGO, DNB, MRCOG, FICOG, MNAMS) is a highly respected Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist based in Mumbai.